AP PSYCHOLOGY
UNIT 8
Intelligence, motivation & emotion
Unit 8 Objectives:
Unit 8 Overview
An enduring controversy in psychology involves attempts to define and measure intelligence. This unit describes the historical origins of intelligence tests and discusses several important issues concerning their use. These include the methods by which intelligence tests are constructed and whether such tests are valid, reliable, and free of cultural bias. The unit also discusses research that attempts to assess the neurological basis of intelligence, the stability of intelligence, whether intelligence is a single general ability or several specific ones, and the extent of genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.
Perhaps no topic is more fundamental to psychology than motivation – the study of forces that energize and direct our behavior. This unit discusses various motivational concepts and looks closely at three motives: hunger, sex, and achievement. Research on hunger points to the interplay between physiological and psychological (internal and external) factors in motivation. Sexual motivation in men and women is triggered less by physiological factors and more by external incentives. Achievement motivation, in particular, demonstrates that a drive-reduction theory is of limited usefulness in explaining human behavior: Although this motivation serves no apparent physiological need, it may be extremely forceful nonetheless.
Emotions are responses of the whole individual, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. This unit examines these components in detail, particularly as they relate to the emotions of fear, anger, and happiness. In addition, the chapter discusses several theoretical controversies concerning the relationship and sequence of the components of emotion, primarily regarding whether the body’s response to a stimulus causes the emotion that is felt and whether thinking is necessary to and must precede the experience of emotion.
- Trace the origins of intelligence tests including the contributions of Galton, Binet, and Terman.
- Distinguish between aptitude and achievement tests and describe modern tests of mental abilities such as the WAIS and SAT.
- Describe principles of test construction including standardization, reliability, and validity, and explain how they are used to form accurate tests.
- Describe the nature of intelligence and discuss the implications of culture on intelligence.
- Explain whether intelligence should be considered a general mental ability or many specific abilities.
- Discuss the stability of intelligence scores and describe the two extremes of the normal distribution of intelligence.
- Identify the factors associated with creativity and describe the relationship between creativity and intelligence
- Discuss evidence for both genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.
- Define motivation and discuss the three perspectives that have influenced our Discuss the basis of hunger in terms of physiology and external incentives and explain how taste preferences are determined.
- Describe the symptoms and possible causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
- Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
- Describe the nature and origin of achievement motivation.
- Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, focusing on their relative effectiveness in promoting achievement motivation.
- Discuss how leaders can create a motivated, productive, and satisfied work force.
- Identify the three components of emotion, describe the physiological changes that occur during emotional arousal, and discuss the relationship between arousal and performance.
- Describe the relationship between bodily states and specific emotions and discuss the effectiveness of the polygraph in detecting lies.
- Describe some nonverbal indicators of emotion and discuss the extent to which people from different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a similar manner.
- Describe the effects of facial emotional expressions on emotional experience.
- Discuss the significance of biological and environmental factors in the acquisition of fear.
- Discuss the catharsis hypothesis and identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of openly expressing anger.
- Identify some potential causes and consequences of happiness and describe how happiness is influenced by our own prior experiences and by others’ attainments.
- Contrast the James-Lange and Cannon-bard theories of emotion.
- Describe Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion and discuss evidence suggesting that some emotional reactions involve no conscious thought.
Unit 8 Overview
An enduring controversy in psychology involves attempts to define and measure intelligence. This unit describes the historical origins of intelligence tests and discusses several important issues concerning their use. These include the methods by which intelligence tests are constructed and whether such tests are valid, reliable, and free of cultural bias. The unit also discusses research that attempts to assess the neurological basis of intelligence, the stability of intelligence, whether intelligence is a single general ability or several specific ones, and the extent of genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.
Perhaps no topic is more fundamental to psychology than motivation – the study of forces that energize and direct our behavior. This unit discusses various motivational concepts and looks closely at three motives: hunger, sex, and achievement. Research on hunger points to the interplay between physiological and psychological (internal and external) factors in motivation. Sexual motivation in men and women is triggered less by physiological factors and more by external incentives. Achievement motivation, in particular, demonstrates that a drive-reduction theory is of limited usefulness in explaining human behavior: Although this motivation serves no apparent physiological need, it may be extremely forceful nonetheless.
Emotions are responses of the whole individual, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. This unit examines these components in detail, particularly as they relate to the emotions of fear, anger, and happiness. In addition, the chapter discusses several theoretical controversies concerning the relationship and sequence of the components of emotion, primarily regarding whether the body’s response to a stimulus causes the emotion that is felt and whether thinking is necessary to and must precede the experience of emotion.
Unit 8 Powerpoint Notes
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Unit 8 Classwork
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Unit 8 Assignments
Unit 8 Assignment | |
File Size: | 129 kb |
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Unit 8 Study Handout
Unit 8 Handout | |
File Size: | 565 kb |
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Unit 8 Openstax Textbook
Chapter 7 - Thinking & Intelligence | |
File Size: | 3089 kb |
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Chapter 10 - Emotion & Motivation | |
File Size: | 4729 kb |
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Unit 8 Study Materials
APPSYCHOLOGY.COM MULTIPLE CHOICE PRACTICe
SCHALLHORN AP REVIEW VIDEOS
"CRASH COURSE" PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW VIDEOS
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